Dynamical models are mathematical representations used to study the behavior of complex systems over time. These models often involve equations that describe the evolution of variables within the system, taking into account factors such as feedback loops, nonlinear interactions, and stochasticity. Dynamical models are used in a wide range of fields, including physics, biology, economics, and social sciences, to predict future outcomes, analyze stability and patterns of behavior, and understand the underlying mechanisms driving system dynamics. Key techniques used in dynamical modeling include differential equations, difference equations, and agent-based modeling.